Peter Barber: I set out to present as wide a range of mapping as
possible, both over time (from 1500 B.C. to last March) and culturally (with examples
of native mapping from India, China, Mexico, Burma and Turkey, and a Jewish map
of the Holy Land in Hebrew, as well as from Europe) and to show the enormous variety
of roles that maps have played over time in the societies in which they have been
created. So as well as small practical maps, such as cycling and road maps, I've
included grand maps intended for display, confidential maps meant for government,
games, furniture and maps in what may seem to be strange formats.
LP: How did you compile such a broad selection?
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"I wanted to challenge the often unquestioned
assumptions that maps are exclusively about geography, discovery, measurement
and reality."
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PB: Luckily I was able to gather together a group of about 60 scholars,
all of them specializing in different aspects of mapping (though coming from a variety
of disciplines) who thought similarly. In addition, they also believe that research
findings are of little use unless they reach the mainstream. I gave them some guidance
as to what sort of map I hoped they would write about, and asked them to avoid jargon,
but left the specific choice of map to them. Many chose to write about more than
one map. The result is a book containing many maps that have never, ever been reproduced
before, accompanied by short texts that often contain fascinating and little-known
stories.
LP: What was your overarching goal?
PB: I wanted to challenge what seem to me to be the often unquestioning
assumptions that maps are exclusively about geography, discovery, measurement and
reality. I also wanted to show that there is no such thing as linear progress towards
perfection in mapping. So the book includes cosmological maps placing mankind in
relationship to God and the heavens from late eighteenth-century India as well as
from medieval Europe. You will find several purely imaginary maps. Indeed,
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"There is no such thing as linear progress
towards perfection in mapping."
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contrary to what you make think, the earliest map to name America and show the New
World as a separate continent, dating from 1507, was a great jump of the imagination
and not at all based upon hard, discovered evidence. These are all excellent maps
in that they meet their specified purposes extremely well. And at a spiritual level,
they are far more significant than the mathematically precise map that points out
the location of your nearest supermarket.
Of course, this is not to deny that geography and measurement have frequently played
a very important role in mapmaking. The book contains one of the first maps on the
Mercator Projection as well as a mid-twentieth century development from it created
to accommodate the needs of air travel. The book also contains the earliest European
maps to depict "discoveries" like sub-Sarahan Africa in the Fra Mauro map of 1450,
and the first map to show any part of America, the Juan de la Cosa map of 1500.
LP: As instruments of measurement, how objective are maps?
PB: However scientific a map is, ultimately it has to be subjective.
Given the impossibility of accurately depicting the round globe on a flat surface,
and the impossibility of putting all of the chaotic minutiae of reality onto a map,
man has to make choices - and choice and thus bias, taste and the emotions enter
in. This is as true in the super-scientific present, where decisions have to be
taken about the data and colors to be used in Geographical Information Systems,
as it is in the rock art of the distant past.
LP: Viewed collectively, what message do these maps convey about
how societies see their world?
PB: The maps convey as many messages as there were societies. Most
mapmakers share the assumptions of their age. But because of their concise, graphic
form, these mapped images often convey their information more forcibly than the
written word. If you really want to understand the combination of traditional piety
and English patriotism of Henry V's England, take a look at the Evesham world map
of 1415. If you want to get under the skins of the early American colonists, look
at William Hubbard's 1677 map of New England.
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"The earliest map to name America and show
the New World as a separate continent was a great jump of the imagination and not
at all based upon hard, discovered evidence."
|
LP: What are the most curious maps you've reproduced?
PB: There are plenty to choose from, including coins, playing cards,
escape maps made to be inserted into the boards of World War II board games, frescoes,
a mosaic, tapestries, a map made out of toxic materials for bombing crews, the largest
book ever created (and one of the smallest), a piece of furniture, a poster, a map
on marble and another which may have begun life as the decoration on a ceremonial
Roman shield. Then again there are some absolutely awful maps - like the map,
masquerading as modern and up-to-date, that was over 70 years old when it was printed
in 1785. You may think it curious that such a map was included - but it is part
and parcel of the real story of mapmaking.
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"However scientific a map is, ultimately
it has to be subjective."
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LP: What's your favorite map in the book?
PB: The answer depends on my mood! I'm very keen on Blome's map
of the Holy Roman Empire of 1669 because it speaks to me directly: it is English,
as I am by upbringing, but it shows the lands in Bohemia, Moravia and Austria from
which my family originates, and Switzerland, where my wife comes from. It is quite
handsome, at least in my eyes, is dedicated to Prince Rupert of the Rhine, one of
my childhood heroes, and, as readers will find out, the map itself has a very human
tale to tell.
LP: Who were history's best mapmakers?
PB: An obvious candidate would be the great sixteenth-century mapmaker
Gerhardt Kraemer, or as he is better known, Gerardus Mercator. A man of deep integrity
and an outstanding intellect, he was also a superb mathematician, a leading draughtsman
and penman, and a keen and inquisitive geographer who was very discriminating and
critical in his use of his sources.
LP: If someone were interested in collecting maps, what advice
would you have?
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"If you want to get under the skins of
the early American colonists, look at William Hubbard's 1677 map of New England."
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PB: First and foremost, only become a collector if you are genuinely
enthusiastic about maps! Once you begin collecting, you should follow your own instincts
and interests. Do not regard it as an investment (though sometimes it may eventually
prove to be so because what interests you may well interest others). Pick a theme
or themes and read up about them so that you may eventually, if you feel so inclined,
make your own particular contribution. While some themes will prove to be expensive,
there are still numerous areas of mapping - particularly those dating from after
1850 - where prices are still relatively low, and yet the themes are as fascinating
as any of the classical areas such as historical world maps. Enjoy the maps and
forget about how much you paid for them - insofar as your partner, spouse or
bank manager allows you to do so!
See some maps from The Map Book on our
Excerpts page.